Deducting Start-up Expenditures

English: In The Days Before Microsoft Excel Ex...

A basic financial principle of being in business:

your revenues can be offset against your expenses.

Some expenses may be only partially deductible. Other expenses may have to be depreciated, over a period of years. The basic ultimate concept – expenses working to offset revenues- is still very easy to understand and explain.

What about those expenses you rack up before your business even opens, business start-up costs? Once you open your business and start generating revenues, you can write off many of those initial business startup costs come tax time.

The rules for taking advantage of these deductions are not as straightforward as they are for your business’s ongoing expenses.

Before you start a business, you’re more than likely going to have a certain amount of startup expenses. Track your business startup costs – begin at the beginning.

Startup expenses are things associated with setting up your business or investigating the purchase of an existing business. Among the items that count as startup expenses:

      • Doing an analysis of your potential market(s)
      • Paying consultants
      • Buying initial supplies
      • Advertising your new business
      • Paying employees before the business opens

Track your organizational costs, the fees associated with initially organizing your new business. Among the expenses that can qualify as an organizational cost:

      • State incorporation fees
      • Lawyers’ charges for drafting incorporation papers
      • Initial accounting fees

Take the upfront deduction now that you’ve tracked all your business start-up costs before opening shop.

Now the good part:

You can write off up to $5,000 in business startup costs and another $5,000 in organizational expenses in the year that you start a business.

(Note: These deductions are reduced if you have more than $50,000 of either type of expense.)

Once you’ve written off that first $5,000, you can still get a tax benefit from other expenses. However, those start-up costs will have to be amortized over 15 years.

The assets you buy for your startup can be written off. However, unlike supplies and other expenses, assets have to be depreciated. There are different rules for different assets.

If you’ve taken some items from your home and never used items for business before, you could depreciate them, based on their value when you started using them in your business. Most office equipment, for example, could be written off over seven years; computers can be deducted over a five-year period.

Put off what you can – if you’re going to have to depreciate some business startup costs, it makes sense to delay purchases that can be put off until after your business opens. The same purchase made after opening could be written off in full (providing they fall under the right rules – Section 179)  in the first year instead of depreciated over 15 years.

Whether it makes sense to take as many deductions of business startup costs as you can in the year you start a business depends on individual circumstances. In some cases, owners of startups may prefer to stretch out deductions over several years so that they balance out more evenly against eventual revenue streams. A tax pro can advise you on the best expense- and tax-planning strategies for your own startup venture.

Start-up costs do not include deductible interest, taxes, or research and experimental costs.

TITLE 26 > Subtitle A > CHAPTER 1 > Subchapter B > PART VI > § 195

Deducting Business Expenses – IRS page

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Financial Tool for Business Owners

If there were a tool that helped you create crystal-clear plans . . . that provided you with continual feedback on how well your plan was working . . . that told you exactly what’s working and what isn’t, allowing you to consistently make smart business decisions to keep your business on track for success – wouldn’t you want to take advantage of it?

Well, there is such a tool. It’s called the Budget vs. Actual report.

Clarifying Your Plan

Clarity is power. The clearer you are with your business goals, the more likely you are to achieve them.

Creating a budget forces you to drill down in to the details of your goals. It prods you to think about how one business decision affects all other aspects of the company’s operations.

Example: Say you want to grow your sales by 15% this year. Does that mean you need to hire another salesperson? When will the business start to see new sales from this person? Do you need to set up an office for them? New phone line? Buy them a computer? Do you need to do more advertising? How much more will you spend? When will you see the return on your advertising expenditure?

You see, a budget is really a planning tool that makes you clarify your dreams. And planning is the first step in making your dreams real.

Navigating the Ship

Once you’ve clarified your goals, you start making business decisions to help you reach your desired outcome. Some of those decisions will be great and give you better than expected results. And some decisions will give you poor results.

This is where the Budget vs Actual shines.

When you compare your budgeted sales and expenses to your actual results, you see exactly how far you are off your plan. Sometimes you need to adjust your plan (budget) and sometimes you need to focus more attention to the areas of your business that are not performing as well as you planned.

Either way, you are gleaning valuable insights into your business.

It’s like sailing a boat. You are off-course most of the time – but having a clear goal and making many adjustments helps you reach your destination.

Just Do It

Nike knows the power of the phrase “Just Do It.” We often know what we need to do but don’t take the necessary action.

It may seem like a huge hassle to create a budget and then create a Budget vs. Actual report every month. But as with any new skill, although it’s hard at first, it does get easier.

Let us help you. We can guide you through the budgeting process. We can ask you questions that help you gain clarity.

You’ll feel energized after it’s done. You may even have fun.

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Tax Time, How QuickBooks Helps You De-stress

Tax Time, How QuickBooks Helps You De-stress

The reasons for putting off tax preparations are endless – and understandable. But when we procrastinate on this tedious job, tax filing deadlines mean marathon sessions grappling with tax records. Not only is this unpleasant, but it also makes it more likely you’ll make potentially costly mistakes on your return.

Conscientious daily work habits – including a diligent eye on tax issues – can help prevent this painful scenario. QuickBooks offers many built-in tools to help you minimize the tax-time terrors.

Stay on Top of Your Receivables in QuickBooks 2011

Even if your sales are up, slow customer payments may be damaging your cash flow. If you often come up short when it’s time to pay your tax obligations, it may be that you’re not chasing down your receivables adequately.

QuickBooks Pro and Premier 2011 added a number of features to help with this. The new Customer Snapshot gives you instant access to key customer information – things like open balance, number of days to pay, and recent invoices and payments.

A new vertical pane next to transaction forms displays an overview of your interaction with the customer or vendor. Beyond saving the time you used to spend looking up historical information, this feature can alert you to collection opportunities. A new Collections Center also automates e-mailed collection notices.

Figure 1: QuickBooks Pro and Premier 2011 display vertical panes next to transactions to help you catch unbilled items and open balances.

If you’ve got any questions about these newer versions of QuickBooks, give my office a call.

Older Versions’ Cash Flow Tools

Previous versions of QuickBooks also help you maximize customer payments. Enter an invoice for a customer who has outstanding time charges and/or costs, and a dialog box reminds you of that.

Figure 2: If you’re invoicing a customer who already owes you money, QuickBooks will remind you – and include the past due balance in your current form.

Also, QuickBooks’ integration with Microsoft Word makes short work of collection letters. Open the Customer Center, then click Word | Prepare Collection Letters and follow the wizard. The Payment Snapshot (Company Snapshot | Payments) is a page you should visit daily; its tables and graphs spell out who needs nudging.

Intuit also offers solutions that let you accept payments online, so you don’t have to wait for checks to arrive in the mail. Talk to us about which one might be best for you and how to get started with it.

Keep Documents Close

However you store receipts and other tax-related paper, it can be frustrating to match paper to QuickBooks data. QuickBooks 2010 introduced the ability to attach scanned documents to any screen that has the Attach icon. Using this tool faithfully will reduce the time and frustration associated with your tax preparation. Prices start at $9.95/month for one attachment per list item or transaction; 30-day free trial.

Figure 3: Click on this icon to attach a scanned paper document to a QuickBooks item.

Use “Classes”

QuickBooks uses the accounts assigned to your transactions to categorize your tax-related data. You can also slice your data in additional ways by using classes to break out account balances by filters, like by departments, consultants, or locations. But you must use it faithfully for it to be effective.

To get started with classes, first make sure that you’re set up to handle them. Click on Edit | Preferences, then click the Accounting tab and Company Preferences. Click on the box next to Use class tracking if it isn’t already checked, and on Prompt to assign classes if you want QuickBooks to remind you before you save an unclassified transaction.

Figure 4: Make sure your Company Preferences are set to accommodate class tracking.

Next, go to Lists | Class List, and then click the Class tab in the lower left corner. Select New. Type your new class name in the field that appears and check the Subclass of box if you want to make this a subclass. Assign these classes in transactions where appropriate, and you’ll have neatly categorized data for the Profit & Loss by Class, Profit & Loss Unclassified, and (new in 2011) Balance Sheet by Class reports. Classes can also be displayed in other reports.

Built for Tax Reporting

Unfortunately, QuickBooks can’t prepare your taxes for you – but these tools help shape your data so tax deadlines are less stressful and your returns more accurate than in the days of pencil and paper.

QuickBooks organizes data in the background by, for example, assigning your transactions to the appropriate accounts, so your reports tell the right story. Another helpful feature includes the ability to print 1099s, W-2s, and W-3s.

QuickBooks’ design encourages you to look at tax-related issues every day, which can be a very good thing come filing time. Take advantage of this – along with our expert advice – and you can be more confident and less frantic during your periodic interaction with the IRS.

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Misconceptions Business Owners Have About Their Returns

Regardless of how life changes, one of the biggest hurdles you’ll face in running your own business is to stay on top of your numerous obligations to federal, state, and local tax agencies. A tax headache is only one mistake away, be it a missed payment or filing deadline, an improperly claimed deduction, or incomplete records.

You can safely assume that a tax auditor presenting an assessment of additional taxes, penalties, and interest will not look kindly on an “I didn’t know I was required to do that” claim. The old legal saying that “ignorance of the law is no excuse” is perhaps most often applied in tax settings. On the other hand, it is surprising how many small businesses actually overpay their taxes. They often neglect to take deductions they’re legally entitled to, or just don’t know about certain breaks that can help them lower their tax bill.

Adding to the mayhem, we have tax codes that seem to be in a constant state of flux. Creating exceptions for special groups has resulted in a steady stream of new and revised tax laws, which have lengthened the Internal Revenue Code to over 4,500 pages and rendered it barely understandable to even the most experienced tax professionals. Often one section can run up to several hundred pages. A special tax service used by tax professionals explains the meaning and application of each part of the code. It is contained in another 12 volumes! The harder Congress tries to simplify the code, the more complex it becomes.

Preparing your taxes and strategizing how to keep more of your hard-earned dollars in your pocket becomes increasingly difficult with each passing year. Your best course of action to save time, frustration, MONEY, and (God forbid) an auditor knocking on your door, is to have a professional accountant handle your taxes. Tax professionals have years of experience with tax preparation, religiously attend tax seminars, read scores of journals, magazines, and monthly tax tips, among other things, to correctly interpret the changing tax code and gain the advantage over the IRS.

Nevertheless, many accountants don’t understand the mammoth tax code and end up being too conservative with your tax deductions. The more conservative they are, the more taxes you end up paying.

Unfortunately, the cryptic and mystifying nature of the tax code generates a lot of folklore and misinformation that also leads to costly mistakes. Here is a list of some common small business tax misconceptions:

All Start-Up Costs Are Immediately Deductible

Business start-up costs are the expenses you incur before you actually begin business operations. Your business start-up costs will depend on the type of business you are starting. They may include costs for advertising, travel, surveys, and training. These costs are generally capital expenses.

You usually recover costs for a particular asset (such as machinery or office equipment) through depreciation. You can elect to deduct up to $5,000 of business start-up costs and $5,000 of organizational costs paid or incurred in the year that you start a business. The $5,000 deduction is reduced by the amount your total start-up or organizational costs exceed $50,000. Any remaining cost must be amortized.

The only catch is that in order to take advantage of the immediate deduction you must spread out the remainder of your start-up costs over 15 years (180 months).

Overpaying The IRS Makes You “Audit Proof”

The IRS doesn’t care if you pay the right amount of taxes or overpay your taxes. They do care if you pay less than you owe and you can’t substantiate your deductions. Even if you overpay in one area, the IRS will still hit you with interest and penalties if you underpay in another. It is never a good idea to knowingly or unknowingly overpay the IRS. The best way to “Audit Proof” yourself is to properly document your expenses and make sure you are getting good advice from your tax accountant.

Being incorporated enables you to take more deductions.

Aside from health insurance, deductions for the self-employed (sole-proprietors and S Corps) are pretty much equivalent to corporate deductions. For many small businesses, being incorporated is an unnecessary expense and burden. Start-ups can spend $1,000 in legal and accounting fees to set up a corporation, only to determine shortly after that they want to change their name or company direction. Plenty of small business owners who incorporate don’t make money for the first few years and find themselves saddled with minimum corporate tax payments and no income.

The home office deduction is a red flag for an audit.

This is no longer as true as it once was. Because of the proliferation of home offices, tax officials cannot possibly audit all tax returns containing the home office deduction. A high deduction-to-income ratio tends to lead to an audit.

If you don’t take the home office deduction, business expenses are not deductible.

You are still eligible to take deductions for business supplies, business-related phone bills, travel expenses, printing, wages paid to employees or contract workers, depreciation of equipment used for your business, and other expenses related to running a home-based business, whether or not you take the home office deduction.

Taking an extension on your taxes is an extension to pay taxes.

Extensions enable you to extend your filing date only. If you do not pay taxes on time, penalties and interest begin accruing from the due date.

Part-time business owners cannot set up self-employed pensions.

If you start up a company while you have a salaried position complete with a 401K plan, you can still set up a SEP-IRA for your business and take the deduction.

Besides avoiding these pitfalls, possessing basic knowledge of how the tax system works is also beneficial. After all, even if you delegate the tax preparation to someone else, you are still liable for the accuracy of your tax returns. If your accountant messes up, you pay the penalty, not him.

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Is It Time to Adjust Your Pricing In QuickBooks?

Is It Time to Adjust Your Pricing In QuickBooks?

Changing the prices of your company’s services and inventory items can solve one of two problems, depending on why you’re looking for a solution. Say your materials suppliers have upped their prices. You may choose to increase your affected products to maintain your profit margin. Or maybe an item or service has not been moving well. A drop in price might trigger improved sales.

Those examples, of course, are simplifications of what needs to be a thoughtful, studied process. They’re critical business decisions that should be made with the guidance from your trusted ProAdvisor. We’re not experts in just QuickBooks – we also understand the flow of profit and loss, and we can be valuable allies in your battle for continued growth.

We’ll explore the tools that QuickBooks offers to help simplify price changes once your decisions have been made. They’re not overly difficult to use, but we want to ensure your intentions are carried out accurately. And there are related inventory issues that may be impacted by your modifications.

Adjust Your Pricing In QuickBooks

First Steps

First, make sure that QuickBooks is set up to accommodate price levels. Click Edit | Preferences and select Sales & Customers in the left vertical pane. Then click the Company Preferences tab. You’ll see the window shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Before attempting price level changes, be sure the Use price levels box is checked. If it’s not already checked, click on the box next to Use price levels. Then click OK.

Multiple Options

QuickBooks offers options related to item price changes. You can simply alter the cost of one item, or you can modify several at once. Your adjustments can be in the form of either percentages or fixed amounts.

There are two ways to get to the price-changing window. You can click the Customers menu, then Change Item Prices. Or you can select the Items & Services icon from the home page. If you do the latter, simply open the Activities menu at the bottom of the screen and select Change Item Prices to see a window similar to the one shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: The Change Item Prices window displays lists of your products.

By opening the drop-down list below Item Type, you can select the desired type of product: Service, Inventory Part, Inventory Assembly, Non-Inventory Part, or Other Charges.

Targeting Your Changes

Once you’ve selected the right type, click in the column next to the item(s) you want to change. A check mark will appear. If you want to increase or decrease the prices of all of them, click next to Mark All at the bottom of the screen, as pictured in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Click the box next to Mark All if you want to change the prices of all entries.

Based on your discussions with us, you should now know how you want to adjust the selected price(s). You may have just decided on a new price, in which case you can simply enter it in the New Price column.

Here’s an alternative. In the box to the right of Adjust price of marked items by (amount or %), enter either an individual number to increase by that amount, or a number with a % sign after it to up it by that percentage. To decrease the cost, enter a negative number.

The next step is a little trickier. If you simply want to alter the price of an entry based on its current sales price, leave the Current Price option showing in the next box. But if you want to change it based on its Unit Cost, you’ll have to consult us or do some digging to learn what that is.

If you want the resulting numbers to be rounded up, click the arrow next to Round up to nearest. When you’re satisfied with your work, click Adjust to see your changes reflected in the New Price column. Make any desired modifications, then click OK.

One Exception

Of course, no existing transactions will be altered. But if any of your newly priced items or services occur in memorized transactions, you’ll have to edit them. Go to Lists | Memorized Transaction List. Highlight the affected transaction, then right-click and delete it. Enter a new transaction and memorize it again. If you know only that transaction will be affected, you can select Edit Memorized Transaction instead of deleting it.

Don’t know where all of those items occur? Go to Edit | Find to locate them as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4: You can easily find items in memorized transactions using the Find tool.

Making price changes in QuickBooks – even global ones – isn’t terribly difficult, but it involves a business decision that’s best made in conjunction with us. It can lead to increased profitability no matter which direction you go, as long as you take into account the issues and potential outcomes involved.

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Year-End Tax Planning for Businesses

Businesses can take several Tax Planning measures at the end of the year to reduce their tax burden in 2010. Here’s a rundown of best options.

Purchase New Business Equipment

Expensing. The Section 179 deduction for equipment purchases was increased again in 2010 under the recent passage of the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010. Businesses can elect to expense (deduct immediately) the cost of most new equipment up to $500,000 (subject to a dollar-for-dollar reduction in that $500,000 for purchases over $2,000,000).

Further, a business can take bonus depreciation of 50% on the amount of capital expenditures in excess of $2,000,000, and then take normal depreciation on the rest.

Note: Many states have not matched these amounts and, therefore, state tax may not allow for the maximum federal deduction. In this case, two sets of depreciation records will be needed to track the federal and state tax impact.

Timing. If you plan to purchase business equipment this year, consider the timing. You might be able to increase your tax benefit if you buy equipment at the right time. Here’s a simplified explanation:

Conventions. The tax rules for depreciation include “conventions” (rules) for determining how many months of depreciation you can claim. The conventions that come into play with equipment are…

    1. The half-year convention: When the half-year convention applies, all property that you begin using during the year is treated as “placed in service” at the midpoint of the year. This means that no matter when you begin using the property, you treat it as if you began using it in the middle of the year.

Example: You buy a $40,000 piece of machinery on December 15. If the half-year convention applies, you get one-half year of depreciation on that machine.

  1. The mid-quarter convention: The mid-quarter convention must be used if the cost of equipment placed in service during the last three months of the tax year is more than 40% of the total cost of all property placed in service for the entire year. If the mid-quarter convention applies, the half-year rule is out the window, and you treat all equipment placed in service during the year as if it were placed in service at the midpoint of the quarter in which you began using it.

Tip: Don’t forget to tell us about any equipment purchases you’re planning. We can examine the timing of these purchases so you take full advantage of these tax rules.

Other Tax Planning Year-End Moves

Partnership or S Corporation Basis. Partners or S corporation shareholders in entities that have a loss for 2010 can deduct that loss only up to their basis in the entity. However, they can take steps to increase their basis to allow a larger deduction. Basis in the entity can be increased by lending the entity money or making a capital contribution by the end of the entity’s tax year.

Caution: Remember that by increasing basis, you’re putting more of your funds at risk. Consider whether the loss signals further troubles ahead.

Retirement Plans. Self-employeds who have not yet done so should set up self-employed retirement plans before the end of 2010.

Dividend Planning. Dividends you cause your corporation to pay qualify for the reduced 15% (or 5%) rate in the hands of stockholders, including you as a stockholder. Such a dividend may reduce the risk of a tax on accumulated corporate earnings.

Budgets. The need for a business budget may seem obvious – but many companies overlook this critical business planning tool. A budget is extremely effective in making sure a business has adequate cash flow and, thus, in ensuring a business’s financial success.

That’s why every business, from the smallest to the largest, should have a budget. Once the budget has been created, then monthly actual revenue amounts can be compared to monthly budgeted amounts. If actual revenues fall short of budgeted revenues, expenses must generally be cut.

For more on this topic, see the article below about common budgeting errors.

Tip: Each year-end, business owners should get together with their accountants to budget revenues and expenses for the coming year.

Consult Us First

These are just a few of the year-end planning tax moves that could make a substantial difference in your tax bill for 2010. But be careful about acting on these suggestions without consulting us first. They are general in nature, and your specific tax or financial situation may require special planning.

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A SIMPLE Retirement Plan for the Self-Employed

Of all the retirement plans available to small business owners, the SIMPLE plan is the easiest to set up and the least expensive to manage.

These plans are intended to encourage small business employers to offer retirement coverage to their employees. SIMPLE plans work well for small business owners who don’t want to spend time and high administration fees associated with more complex retirement plans.

SIMPLE plans really shine for self-employed business owners. Here’s why…

Self-employed business owners contribute both as employee and employer, with both contributions made from self-employment earnings.

SIMPLEs calculate contributions in two steps:

  1. Employee out-of-salary contribution. The limit on this “elective deferral” is $11,500 in 2010, after which it can rise further with the cost of living. Catch-up. Owner-employees age 50 or over can make a further $2,500 deductible “catch-up” contribution as employee in 2010.
  2. Employer “matching” contribution The employer match equals 3% of employee’s earnings.

Example: A 52-year-old owner-employee with self-employment earnings of $40,000 could contribute and deduct $11,500 as employee plus a further $2,500 employee catch-up contribution, plus $1,200 (3% of $40,000) employer match, or a total of $15,200.

The SIMPLE plan is good for the home-based business and can be ideal for the moonlighter – the full-time employee, or the homemaker, with modest income from a sideline self-employment business.

With living expenses covered by your day job (or your spouse’s job), you could be free to put all your sideline earnings, up to the ceiling, into SIMPLE retirement investments.

A Truly Simple Plan

The SIMPLE plan really is simpler to set up and operate than most other plans. Contributions go into an IRA you set up. Those familiar with IRA rules – in investment options, spousal rights, creditors’ rights – don’t have a lot new to learn.

Requirements for reporting to the IRS and other agencies are negligible. Your plan’s custodian, typically an investment institution, has the reporting duties. And the process for figuring the deductible contribution is a bit simpler than with other plans.

What’s Not So Good About SIMPLEs

Other plans can do better than SIMPLE once self-employment earnings become significant.

Example: If you are under 50 with $50,000 of self-employment earnings in 2010, you could contribute $11,500 as employee to your SIMPLE plus a further 3% of $50,000 as an employer contribution, for a total of $13,000. In contrast, a Keogh 401(k) plan would allow a $25,500 contribution.

With $100,000 of earnings, it would be a total of $14,500 with a SIMPLE and $35,500 with a 401(k).

Because investments are through an IRA, you’re not in direct control. You must work through a financial or other institution acting as trustee or custodian, and you will in practice have fewer investment options than if you were your own trustee, as you would be in a Keogh.

It won’t work to set up the SIMPLE plan after a year ends and still get a deduction that year, as is allowed with Simplified Employee Pension Plans, or SEPs. Generally, to make a SIMPLE plan effective for a year, it must be set up by October 1 of that year. A later date is allowed where the business is started after October 1; here the SIMPLE must be set up as soon thereafter as administratively feasible.

There’s this problem if the SIMPLE is for a sideline business and you’re in a 401(k) in another business or as an employee: the total amount you can put into the SIMPLE and the 401(k) combined can’t be more than $16,500 (2010 amount) – $21,500 if catch-up contributions are made to the 401(k) by someone age 50 or over.

So someone under age 50 who puts $8,000 in her 401(k) can’t put more than $8,500 in her SIMPLE in 2010. The same limit applies if you have a SIMPLE while also contributing as an employee to a 403(b) annuity (typically for government employees and teachers in public and private schools).

How to Get Started in a SIMPLE

You can set up a SIMPLE on your own by using IRS Form 5304-SIMPLE or 5305-SIMPLE – but most people turn to financial institutions.

SIMPLES are offered by the same financial institutions that offer IRAs and Keogh master plans.

You can expect the institution to give you a plan document and an adoption agreement. In the adoption agreement you will choose an “effective date” – the beginning date for payments out of salary or business earnings. That date can’t be later than October 1 of the year you adopt the plan, except for a business formed after October 1.

Another key document is the Salary Reduction Agreement, which briefly describes how money goes into your SIMPLE. You need such an agreement even if you pay yourself business profits rather than salary.

Printed guidance on operating the SIMPLE may also be provided. You will also be establishing a SIMPLE IRA account for yourself as participant.

Keoghs, SEPs, and SIMPLES Compared

Keogh SEP SIMPLE
Plan type: Can be defined benefit or defined contribution (profit sharing or money purchase) Defined contribution only Defined contribution only
Number you can own: Owner may have two or more plans of different types, including an SEP, currently or in the past Owner may have SEP and Keoghs Generally, SIMPLE is the only current plan
Due dates: Plan must be in existence by the end of the year for which contributions are made Plan can be set up later – if by the due date (with extensions) of the return for the year contributions are made Plan generally must be in existence by October 1 of the year for which contributions are made
Dollar contribution ceiling (for 2010): $49,000 for defined contribution plan; no specific ceiling for defined benefit plan $49,000 $22,000
Percentage limit on contributions: 50% of earnings for defined contribution plans (100% of earnings after contribution). Elective deferrals in 401(k) not subject to this limit. No percentage limit for defined benefit plan. 50% of earnings (100% of earnings after contribution). Elective deferrals in SEPs formed before 1997 not subject to this limit. 100% of earnings, up to $11,500 (for 2008) for contributions as employee; 3% of earnings, up to $11,500, for contributions as employer
Deduction ceiling: For defined contribution, lesser of $49,000 or 20% of earnings (25% of earnings after contribution). 401(k) elective deferrals not subject to this limit. For defined benefit, net earnings. Lesser of $49,000 or 25% of eligible employee’s compensation. Elective deferrals in SEPs formed before 1997 not subject to this limit. Same as percentage ceiling on SIMPLE contribution
Catch-up contribution age 50 or over: Up to $5,500 in 2010 for 401(k)s Same for SEPs formed before 1997 Half the limit for Keoghs and SEPs (up to $2,750 in 2010)
Prior years’ service can count in computing contribution No No
Investments: Wide investment opportunities. Owner may directly control investments. Somewhat narrower range of investments. Less direct control of investments. Same as SEP
Withdrawals: Some limits on withdrawal before retirement age No withdrawal limits No withdrawal limits
Permitted withdrawals before age 59 1/2 may still face 10% penalty Same as Keogh rule Same as Keogh rule except penalty is 25% in SIMPLE’s first two years
Spouse’s rights: Federal law grants spouse certain rights in owner’s plan No federal spousal rights No federal spousal rights
Rollover allowed to another plan (Keogh or corporate), SEP or IRA, but not a SIMPLE. Same as Keogh rule Rollover after 2 years to another SIMPLE and to plans allowed under Keogh rule
Some reporting duties are imposed, depending on plan type and amount of plan assets Few reporting duties Negligible reporting duties
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